From the Middle Ages to the industrial revolution
During the 13th-16th centuries, the Milan Duchy was ruled by the Visconti and Sforza families, whose domination is still evident in the majestic Sforza’s castle and from the numerous works of art that they sponsored. In 1559, the city lost its independence and was ruled by the Spanish, Austrians, and French until 1859 when Victor Emanuel II defeated the Habsburg army and Milan joined the unified Kingdom of Italy. Located in the heart of the metropolis, the historical Galleria (shopping gallery) is dedicated to the king, and is one of the city’s major landmarks.At the beginning of the 20th century, Milan led together with Genoa and Turin the industrialization of the peninsula and over the decades many internationally renowned companies and brands were established there. In particular, fashion represents one of the most profitable business sectors, being Milan the third leading city in this industry worldwide.