Number of independent countries in Europe each year 1900-2022

Since the beginning of the 20^th century, the total number of independent nation states in Europe has almost doubled, from 24 countries in 1900 to 45 today. At the beginning of this period, much of Central and Eastern Europe was split between the empires of Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottomans, and Russia. The dissolution of these empires in the aftermath of the First World War resulted in the restoration or creation of several independent states, such as Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia. During the interwar period, there were generally 33 countries in Europe, before the Second World War saw Germany and the Soviet Union annex most of the territories between them, and control of these regions swapped between the two during the remainder of the war. Germany also invaded several Western European countries, and there were fewer than 20 independent countries in Europe at the peak of the war.

Post-war Europe

The post-war period then saw some major restructuring of Europe's borders, and most of the defeated Axis governments fell under Allied influence. However, there was then a split between the leading Allied Powers, and the continent was divided between the east and west. The communist, eastern countries, known as the Eastern Bloc, mostly fell under the influence of the Soviet Union; whereas the West remained largely democratic and was under American influence (but to a lesser extent). Both sides of Europe prospered throughout the post-war period, but the Eastern Bloc economies eventually collapsed or stagnated, and independence movements gained more momentum. Communist regimes across Europe began collapsing in 1989, before the Soviet Union's dissolution in late 1991. Soviet dissolution resulted in the formation of 15 separate countries, seven of which were in Europe, while Yugoslavia's eventually resulted in seven new states.

Post-communist separation

While the borders of Western Europe remained fairly stable throughout the entire period, Eastern Europe's changed greatly. A large part of this can be attributed to cultural and historical differences between different ethnic groups in the region, who were often forced to share their lands under various empires or world powers; the fall of communism provided an opportunity for these groups to separate, but it was not always a peaceful process. This was most notable in the Yugoslav Wars in the 1990s, where some states achieved independence through violence, while others descended into it thereafter. Communism's collapse also resulted in the expansion of European integration, and many eastern countries joined the European Union in the early-2000s; this resulted in a mass exodus of economic migrants from the former-Eastern Bloc, which has had a significant demographic and economic impact on both sides of the continent. Generally, political relations across the east have improved greatly in recent years, and prosperity is growing. However, there has been a noticeable rise in authoritarian leadership across Eastern Europe, and Russian interference in foreign politics is growing; it remains to be seen what impact this will have on the stability of the region.