Poverty indicators according to CPHS and NFHS-5 in India 2019
The Consumer Pyramid Household Survey in 2019 reported that the overwhelming majority of 99 percent of Indian households had a toilet, and respectively 94 percent had TV and in-house water. However, the corresponding figures from the latest National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) suggested much higher shares of households living in deprivation. According to the source, these substantial discrepancies might suggest that the CPHS sample was not as nationally representative as claimed, leaving many poor households to be under-represented.