Infrastructure investment outlook for global cities 2030, by infrastructure type

According to the source, calculations were made using nature-based solution spending data from the State of Finance for Nature, and total infrastructure spending in cities for 2021.
* The source defines "Nature based solutions” as actions taken to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems that provide the same infrastructure services as human-engineered grey infrastructure.
** The source defines “Land-sparing interventions” as opportunities that release land to nature by reducing the footprint of the built environment, while also generating new economic value. Examples include repurposing land from unproductive existing uses (e.g. parking).