El Salvador and the State of Exception
In late March of 2022, El Salvador lived through three days with the highest violence due to gang activity. The groups of MS-13 (Mara Salvatrucha) and 18th Street (Mara Calle 18) were blamed by the government for around 88 homicides in three days in retaliation against measures to retake two bus routes commonly used by gangs for extortion. On the 28th of March, the government declared the State of Exception and the Gang Crackdown. These measures came with international concerns about human rights and police abuse, with over 60.000 arrests, and overcrowding of prisons, among others. As of September 2023, El Salvador ranks among the countries with the highest prison overcrowding in the world.Nonetheless, public opinion seems to back the government with 75 percent of Salvadorians declaring that they feel safe with the current State of Exception and the share of people that believed crime was El Salvador's main problem also dropped significantly in latter months of the year. Added to that, the homicide rate in 2023 decreased to less than three cases per 100.000 inhabitants, the lowest figure in the last decades and the lowest among Latin American nations.
Falling homicide rates in Honduras and Guatemala
Even though Honduras ranks as one of the Latin American countries with the highest homicide rate, the Central American nation has achieved something unusual for the region, that is a shrinking homicide rate from 86.5 cases per 100.000 inhabitants in 2011 to less than 32 cases in 2023. During the two year period between 2011 and 2012, Honduras became one of the crime capitals of the world, mainly due to the high presence of gangs and cartels. During the next few years, the government started a series of reforms to the justice system and institutions, including a security budget increase, the opening of two maximum security prisons, and the closing of the controversial San Pedro Sula prison.By doing these and dismantling violent gangs dedicated to extorsion, cartels, and drug routes, the number of murders began to fall. By 2023, only around 6.5 percent of cases were related to maras or criminal organizations, but Honduras still has a long way ahead to being considered a peaceful country. In December 2022, the elected president, Xiomara Castro, declared the State of Exception to stop the spread of violence and fight against gangs to reduce extorsion and crime in the country.
Being also a part of the Central American Northern Triangle with El Salvador and Honduras, Guatemala experiences some of the same main problems of being part of the principal drug routes from South America to the United States. Which comes with extortion and murder, both ranking in the top five most common crimes in Guatemala. The gangs also contribute to the elevated number of extortions registered during 2022. In the case of homicides, the rate fell considerably from 2014 to 2020, going from 31 cases per 100.000 inhabitants to 15.5. The highest drop was recorded during that last year, which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions to stop the spread of the virus. Nonetheless, the rate started to go up again during 2021 and 2022.
