Deficit and surplus cash ratio in France 2007-2023, as a share of the GDP

The government deficit/surplus is the net borrowing/net lending (B.9) of general government, as defined in the ESA 2010. It is the difference between the revenue and the expenditure of the general government sector. The government debt is defined as the total consolidated gross debt at nominal (face) value at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities (as defined in ESA 2010): currency and deposits (AF.2), debt securities (AF.3) and loans (AF.4).
At the national level, data for the general government sector are consolidated between subsectors. The debt of the euro area and EU aggregates is consolidated by removal of the loans that Member States have granted to other Member States.
The working balance is the most often used concept and measure of the country's budget deficit/surplus as it generally appears in public accounts and budgetary presentations. In other words, for example, for central government, it should normally correspond to the budgetary outcome voted for by the parliament.