Biotechnology R&D expenditure in selected countries 2018

* Biotechnology R&D expenditures in the business sector, 2018 or latest available year (2017).
For Canada, this includes medical biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology.
For the Russian Federation, a proxy indicator is used: R&D expenditure in Life Sciences (before 2011 - Living Systems), which include bioengineering, biocatalysis, biosynthesis and biosensor technologies, biomedical and veterinary technologies, genomics and pharmaco-genetics, living cell technologies.
For Germany, 2017 BERD was uses as 2018 BERD was not available.
For the United States, firms with 5 or more employees only.
For Latvia, this includes medical biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, industrial biotechnology and agricultural biotechnology.
For the United States, prior to 2017 statistics are based on companies in the United States that reported to the survey and had 5 or more employees (i.e., these statistics do not include an adjustment to the weight to account for unit nonresponse). Beginning in 2017, the survey includes companies with 10 or more employees (companies with fewer than 10 employees are included in a separate survey, the Annual Business Survey). Beginning in 2018, weights are adjusted to account for unit nonresponse and statistics are for companies that performed or funded $50,000 or more of R&D.