As of September 30, 2015, it was confirmed that some five million Volkswagen-branded cars, 2.1 million Audi vehicles, 1.2 million Skoda automobiles and 700,000 Seat cars, as well as 1.8 million VW commercial vehicles were fitted with a defeat device in their engines, and were thus affected by the Volkswagen diesel deception scandal. Although VW claims that only a fraction of the defeat device-equipped cars will need a refit, the automotive manufacturer will likely have to recall 8.5 million diesel-engine vehicles in Europe alone. The carmaker issued a statement in November claiming that it received approval to fix about 90 percent of manipulated vehicles in Europe and around 70 percent of rigged engines in the U.S., entailing costs in excess of 10 billion euros. That said, it remains unclear if it is safe for the owners of affected vehicles to ignore the recall, if they will see a downgrade in their vehicles’ performance due to software adjustments - or if the vehicles will be fitted with a different engine version. Volkswagen's luxury brand Audi might have to put a halt to the production of its 2018 A6 model.

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