Ratio of crude steel production in Japan 2022, by process
In 2022, Japanese steelmakers produced most of their crude steel with Linz-Donavitz (LD) converters, accounting for 73.3 percent of the production volume. Also called a basic oxygen furnace, because pure oxygen gets blown onto the molten pig iron, the LD process is the more affordable of the two options. Electric arc furnaces are the more expensive process but tend to be used for higher quality steel and steel scrap recycling; this process usually entails lower emissions.
