An investment bank may also provide equity to help companies with expansionary goals. The equity invested may be what the organization requires to make an initial public offering and thus gain access to capital markets. The investment bank would aid the newly floated company by issuing bonds to raise debt capital and then by finding buyers for those bonds. It would also take care of the bureaucratic side of the flotation and support the organization in an advisory capacity allowing the company to raise capital for expansion. JPMorgan was the largest investment bank globally by revenue as of July 2019.
Mergers and acquisitions - or the facilitation of company mergers or buyouts - also falls under the remit of an investment bank and are often very lucrative deals. In return for the services it provides, an investment bank takes a fee. The fee structures generally include success fees, breakup fees, minimum transaction fees and expense reimbursements. The fee system is an important source of income for investment banks.
